By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the concept of entropyExplain the first and second laws of thermodynamics
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the relevance of photosynthesis to other living thingsDescribe the main structures involved in photosynthesisIdentify the substrates and products of photosynthesisSummarize the process of photosynthesis
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how plants absorb energy from sunlightDescribe short and long wavelengths of lightDescribe how and where photosynthesis takes place within a plant
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the Calvin cycleDefine carbon fixationExplain how photosynthesis works in the energy cycle of all living organisms
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Understand how electrochemical gradients affect ionsDistinguish between primary active transport and secondary active transport
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosisUnderstand the process of exocytosis
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Understand the fluid mosaic model of cell membranesDescribe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranesDiscuss membrane fluidity
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain why and how passive transport occursUnderstand the processes of osmosis and diffusionDefine tonicity and describe its relevance to passive transport
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plantsExplain the classifications of carbohydratesList common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the four major types of lipidsExplain the role of fats in storing energyDifferentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acidsDescribe phospholipids and their role in cellsDefine the basic structure of a steroid and some functions of steroidsExplain the how cholesterol helps to maintain the fluid nature of the plasma membrane
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the structure of nucleic acids and define the two types of nucleic acidsExplain the structure and role of DNAExplain the structure and roles of RNA
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissuesDiscuss the relationship between amino acids and proteinsExplain the four levels of protein organizationDescribe the ways in which protein shape and function are linked
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Understand the synthesis of macromoleculesExplain dehydration (or condensation) and hydrolysis reactions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Define matter and elementsDescribe the interrelationship between protons, neutrons, and electronsCompare the ways in which electrons can be donated or shared between atomsExplain the ways in which naturally occurring elements combine to create molecules, cells, tissues, organ systems, and organisms
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain why carbon is important for lifeDescribe the role of functional groups in biological molecules
By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the properties of water that are critical to maintaining lifeExplain why water is an excellent solvent Provide examples of water’s cohesive and adhesive propertiesDiscuss the role of acids, bases, and buffers in homeostasis